Due to their unique optical properties and potential applications in various fields including bioimaging, sensing, and solar energy conversion, upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) have garnered considerable attention. However, the increasing use of UCNPs raises concerns regarding their safety. This article provides a comprehensive review of the curr

Recent advancements in nanotechnology have yielded remarkable hybrid nanostructures composed of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), carbon quantum dots (CQDs), and iron oxide nanoparticles (FeO